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raiders were repelled. But, they occupied a India as refugees. They were settled in India
sizeable part of the extent of Kashmir in due course of time.
territory, called Pakistan Occupied Kashmir 4. The Food Problem
(POK). The Kashmir problem still persisting There was a shortage of food in India when
as a cancerous growth. the British left the country in 1947. India

3. The Refugee Problem had to import wheat and other foodstuff.
Lakhs of Hindus and Sikhs were uprooted But, now the food problem has been solved
from their homes in Pakistan. They came to through the Green Revolution.

Terminology

Nationalism : a feeling of loyalty and love towards one’s own country
Vernacular Press : newspaper written in Indian languages
Bicameral : when the parliament has two houses
Electorate : the voting population of a country
Anarchy : a situation in which law and order has broken down
Refugee : one who flees in search of refuse, as in times of war, political oppression or religious
persecution

Inside Story
Inside Story
g Nationalism in India arose in the second half of the 19th century. Many reasons were
responsible for it—discontent among all sections against British rule, the political,
administrative and economic unification of the country, spread of modern education, the
role played by the press, the incidents during the regime of Lord Lytton and the Ilbert Bill
controversy.

g Many political associations were formed. Some of them were the British Indian Association
(1851), the Bombay Association (1852), the Madras Native Association (1852), the Poona
Sarvajanik Sabha (1870), the Madras Mahajana Sabha (1884) and the Bombay Presidency
Association (1885). These associations consisted of educated Indians and had limited
demands.
g The Muslim League was formed in 1906. This was mainly due to the encouragement given
by the British in keeping with their policy of Divide and Rule. Another reasons was the fear
of the dominance of the Congress and the Hindus.
g The Morley-Minto Reforms of 1909, which was meant to appease the moderates, did not
give much to the Indians. In fact, the introduction of separate electorates sowed the seeds
of communalism in India. Later, in 1911, the partition of Bengal was annulled and the capital
of India was shifted from Calcutta to Delhi.
g The Lahore Session of the Indian National Congress was presided by Jawaharlal Nehru.

g On 12th March, 1930, Gandhiji left his Sabarmati Ashram with about 79 others and began
his more than 200 miles long march towards Dandi on foot to break the ban on
manufacturing of salt from the sea water.

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